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\def\citeauthor{~Venkatesan~K,
              ~Murugeswarn~R,
              ~Mokhtar~Alam,
              ~Rampradap~Meena~A,
              ~Zaheer~Ahamed~N}
\def\citetitle{\textbf{Importance of Medicinal Plants in Naturopathy - An Ethanomedicinal Studies from Soligas Tribes of Chamarajanagar - Karnataka}}
\def\copyrightstmt{This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.}
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\def\RunningAuthor{Venkatesan K et al.}
\firstPage{11}
\articleType{Original Article}
\receivedDate{10 Nov 2022}
\acceptedDate{29 Dec 2022}
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\title{\textbf{Importance of Medicinal Plants in Naturopathy - An Ethanomedicinal Studies from Soligas Tribes of Chamarajanagar - Karnataka}}
\author{Venkatesan~K\textsuperscript{*}\textsuperscript{1},  
            Murugeswarn~R\textsuperscript{2},  
            Mokhtar~Alam\textsuperscript{3},  
            Rampradap~Meena~A\textsuperscript{3}, 
            Zaheer~Ahamed~N\textsuperscript{1}~\\[5pt]{\textsuperscript{1}Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, No. 1, West Madha Church Road, Royapuram, Chennai-13, Tamil Nadu, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{2}National Medicinal Plants Board, Ministry of M/o of Ayush, Govt. of India, New Delhi, India}~\\{\textsuperscript{3}Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, No. 61-65, Opp. D-Block, Janakpuri Institutional Area, Janakpuri-110058, New Delhi, India}}

\begin{abstract}
Naturopathy - ``nature cure'' meaning treatment of suffering or disease via nature. It has great health promotive, disease preventive and curative as well as restorative potential. Naturopathic treatment modalities include Ethnobotany. An Ethnomedicinal  survey was carried out among the Soligas tribals in Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka, India. Traditional uses of 61  plant species belonging to 33 families are described under this study through the interview and informal discussion with 54 tribal healers. In this communication, the informations got from the rural inhabitant were compared with the already existing literature. The  medicinal plants were mostly used to cure asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, skin and sex-related diseases etc. The medicinal plants used by people are arranged alphabetically followed by Botanical name, family, Voucher specimen number, Local name, Part used, mode of preparation, Medicinal use and Major chemical constituents are discussed. 
\end{abstract}\def\keywordstitle{Keywords}

\begin{keywords}Chamarajanagar,\newline Ethnomedicines,\newline Naturopathy,\newline Soligas Tribals
\end{keywords}
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\section{Introduction}
Naturopathy is a term made popular in the early 1900's to describe a system of medicine that emphasizes natural therapies including herbs. Naturopathy - ``nature cure'' meaning treatment of suffering or disease via nature. Naturopathic treatment implies connection with nature, focusing on the body's capacity to heal itself. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health as ``a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity'' (K{\"{u}}hn's and Rieger's). Naturopathy is a system of treating, preventing, curing disease with natural care -- such as fresh air, organic diet, water from natural sources far from any contamination, herbal treatment, etc. Body comes in harmony with the constructive principles of nature on physical, mental, moral and spiritual planes of living. Naturopathy has great health promotive, disease preventive and curative as well as restorative potential.   Naturopathic treatment modalities include herbal treatment. The art of herbal healing has very deep root in Indian culture and folklore. Medicinal plants have been playing an important role for the survival of the ethnic communities, who live in remote villages and forests. Traditional folk medicine, which is mostly undocumented, has been handed down orally from one generation to another. Large sections of the Indian population still rely on traditional herbal medicine \unskip~\cite{1807509:27557400}. Even today, most of the forest tribals are depending on local traditional healing systems for their primary health care. Their reliability on healing plants is still more for the people inhabitating the deep forest of Western Ghats in India, where it is difficult for them to get modern medical facilities for their day to day problems. 

Medicinal plants attracted considerable global interests in recent years. Due to various human activities such as deforestation and other developmental activities, both natural vegetation and traditional culture in India are fast declining. There is an urgent need to document all ethnobotanical knowledge available with different ethnic and folklore communities before their traditional culture is completely lost. Ethnobotanical knowledge has been documented from various parts of Indian subcontinent \unskip~\cite{1807509:27557397,1807509:27557382}. In Karnataka state ethnomedicinal value of plants in possession of various tribals and rural communities for treating various diseases and disorders has been done to some extent \unskip~\cite{1807509:27557391,1807509:27557379}. A perusal of these reports suggested that the ethnobotanical survey in Karnataka is incomplete and traditional herbal healing knowledge of a large number of folk communities need documentation. There is no previous report in the records of ethnobotanical knowledge from Soligas tribals of Chamarajanagar district forest in Karnataka. An attempt has therefore been made to collect and document the folk knowledge from tribals, local herbal healers and knowledgeable elder people of different castes and communities residing in certain forest area of Chamarajanagar wildlife forest.

Naturopathic treatment modalities include diet and clinical nutrition, behavioral change, hydrotherapy, traditional herbal treatment, physical medicine, etc. Naturopathy is an alternative way of body healing i.e self-healing via ``nature'' by focusing on some very basic things such as diet, herbal treatment and lifestyle. Many other approaches such as dietary supplement of plants, herbs, exercise, massage, iridology, acupuncture, hair analysis and homeopathy may also be incorporated.

\textbf{Study Area}

Chamarajanagar district is in southern Karnataka, in India, surrounded by Mandiya and mysore  in north, Nilgiris and Salem in Tamil Nadu and West Wayanad district in Kerala. About 49\% of the total areas in the district are covered by forest. Chamarajanagar wildlife forest division is consisting of 5 forest ranges which are in Chamarajanagar, Yelanthur, Kolegal, Bylore and K.Gudi ranges. The elevation ranges from 300 to 900m (it is situated between 13\ensuremath{^\circ}42 ' and 14\ensuremath{^\circ}06'N latitude and between 75\ensuremath{^\circ}35' and 75\ensuremath{^\circ}52' E longitude)

About 54 tribal villages are located in this district forest, particularly BRT (Bilgrims Ranganathan Temples) hills in Yelanthur, Bylore, Punjur and K.Gudi ranges demarcated areas of tribal population. BRT wildlife sanctuary is well known for its rich diversity of flora and fauna and it has large variety of plants and animal species covering area of about 572 sq.km. Vegetations like scrub jungle, dry deciduous, moist deciduous, semi-evergreen, evergreen and shoal forest are covered all over the sanctuary and receives an annual rainfall ranging from 750-1950mm. Moreover, it has large number of endemic species and medicinal plants. Hence, it has very high population of forest dwelling tribals, with large number of Soligars followed by jenu kurumba, betta kurumbas. Most of the tribals are inhabitant of the forest in BRT hills. Many religious temples are located in BRT hills like Ranganathan temple and Male Mahadeshwara betta temple in MM hills (Male Mmahadeshwara). Two languages are spoken in this district. Kanada being the state language of Karnataka is the main language in Chamarajanagar district. Tamil is a minor language within the district in many areas like Kollegal and Yelandur.

\textbf{Present knowledge on local folk medicine}

Ethnobotanical knowledge has been documented from various parts of Indian sub-continent \unskip~\cite{1807509:27557397,1807509:27557389,1807509:27557383}. In Karnataka state, ethnomedicinal value of plants in possession of various tribal \unskip~\cite{1807509:27557398,1807509:27557403,1807509:27557391} and rural folk communities for treating various diseases have been done to some extent \unskip~\cite{1807509:27557379,1807509:27557384}. A perusal of the literature reveals that several ethnobotanical studies among various tribals have been reported from the various district of this state except Chamarajanagar district, which has not yet been studied from ethnobotanical point of view.
    
\section{Methodology}
A preliminary survey of Soligas tribal villages in Chamarajanagar district revealed that local communities used herbal medicine for their healthcare extensively. Frequent field surveys were made in Chamarajanagar district. Each area was visited twice in different seasons in 2009-2010. Ethnobotanical data (local names, part used, mode of preparation, medicinal uses) were collected through interviews and discussion with the tribal practitioners in and around the study area. Data were also collected through questionnaires in their local languages (Kannada and Tamil). Informations were collected through by interview with fifty four persons  aged between 40-80 (38 Men and 16 Women), who had traditional knowledge of plants. In addition to the vernacular names, questions were also asked about each plant prescribed, such as part of 


\begin{ThreePartTable}

\centering 
\begingroup
\makeatletter\if@twocolumn\@ifundefined{theposttbl}{\gdef\TwoColDocument{true}\onecolumn\onecolumn}{}\fi\makeatother 
\begin{TableNotes}\footnotesize 
    
\item{*Chemical constituents Source from: Yoha Narasimhan, S.N., 2000. Medicinal plants of India, vol. II. Tamil Nadu. Cyber Media, Bangalore, India}
\end{TableNotes}\setlength\LTcapwidth{\textwidth}
\begin{longtable}{p{\dimexpr.0783\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.3217\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1466\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.2662\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}p{\dimexpr.1872\linewidth-2\tabcolsep}}
\caption{\boldmath {Ethnomedical plants, Local name, Mode of preparation and used in Chamarajanagar Wild life forest, Karnataka, India} }
\label{tw-26a6b93ee287}
\def\arraystretch{1.1}\\\endfirsthead \hline \noalign{\vskip3pt} \noalign{\textit{Table \thetable\ continued}} \noalign{\vskip3pt} 
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}S.No & Botanical Name, Family Name, Voucher Specimen Number & Local  Name & Part used, Mode of preparation, Ethnomedicinal uses & Major chemical constituents *\\
\tblmidrule \endhead \hline \noalign{\vskip3pt} \noalign{\textit{\hfill Continued on next page}} \noalign{\vskip3pt} \endfoot \insertTableNotes \endlastfoot 
\tbltoprule \rowcolor{kwdboxcolor}S.No & Botanical Name, Family Name, Voucher Specimen Number & Local  Name & Part used, Mode of preparation, Ethnomedicinal uses & Major chemical constituents *\\
\tblmidrule 
 &
  \textit{Aegle marmelos} (L) Corr / Rutaceae/ RRIUM: &
  Belapatre &
  20g fruit powder orally given with hot water for reduce asthma, Leaves smoke inhaled to reduce asthma pain &
  Coumarins, flavonoids, sterols, aegelin, marmine.\\
2 &
  \textit{Aerva lanata} (L) Juss / Amaranthaceae / RRIUM : 9427 &
  Poolai &
    Leaf bulb dissolved in water at overnight from this 100 ml orally given to  anticalculus  &
  Palmatic acid, \ensuremath{\beta }-sitosterol,  \mbox{}\protect\newline \ensuremath{\alpha }-amyrin.\\
3 &
  \textit{Alanjium salvifolium} (L.f) Wan /  Alangiaceae / RRIUM:9348 &
  Ankolemara &
  10 g leaves powder orally given with hot water for reduce blood glucose level &
  Alangine, deoxy lebolosine, \\
4 &
  \textit{Allium cepa} L / Liliaceae/   V.S.No: 9432 &
  Neerulli &
  20-30 ml extract of bulb orally given to reduce mucus asthma &
  Volatile oil with sulphourous constituents, allicine, alliin,  flavonoids,  phenolic acids, sterols.\\
5 &
  \textit{Alpinia galangal} Sw / Zingiberaceae / V.S.No: 9539 &
  Dhumarasmi &
  20 g powder orally given with hot water to  hypnotic &
  Essential oil, methyl cinnamate, cineole and d-pinene.\\
6 &
  \textit{Anona squmosa} L /  \mbox{}\protect\newline Anonaceae  /V.S.No: 9433 &
  Sitaphal &
    10g seed powder orally given with hot water as abortifacient &
  Alkaloids, quinoline, squamone.\\
7 &
  \textit{Argemone mexicana} L /  Papavaraceae / V.S.No:9178 &
  Arsina-ummatta &
  Root paste externally for cure skin rashes &
  Isoquinoline, berberine, protopine, free aminoacids, sanguinarine.\\
8 &
  \textit{Aristolochia indica} L / Aristolochiaceae / V.S.No: 9506 &
  Eesvurberus &
  100ml root decoction orally given for piles &
  Aristolochic acids, aristolactams.\\
9 &
  \textit{Asparagus racemosus} L /  Liliaceae / V.S.No:9263 &
  Thanervitan-kilangu &
  20 g root powder orally given with cow milk  for spermatogenesis &
  Saponins, shatavarin I-IV, sitosterol, benzoldehyde.\\
10 &
  \textit{Baraleria prionitis} L / Acanthaceae / V.S.No: 9128 &
  Mullugoranta &
  40-50ml leaf juice orally given to cure urinary irritation &
  Potassium salt, iridoid glucosides, barlerin, acetylbarlerin.\\
11 &
  \textit{Bauhinia purpurea} L / Caeselpiniaceae / V.S.No: 9526 &
  Kempumandara &
  Bark powder pasted with  Castor  oil  and apply externally for bone fracture  &
  Astragallin, isoquercetain, quercatan, anthocyanin, chaloonne glycoside.\\
12 &
  \textit{Bauhinia variegate} L /  Caesalpiniaceae / V.S.No:9376 &
  Manthari &
  10 g powder of flowers bud orally given for piles &
  Flavonoids, kaemferol, galactoside.\\
13 &
  \textit{Buchanania lanzan} Sprenge  / Anacardiaceae / V.S.No: 9484 &
  Kattuma \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  10 g powder orally given with hot water for rheumatic pain &
  Lipids, triglycerol, tannins, triterpenoids, saponins.\\
14 &
  \textit{Butea monosperma}   (Lam) Kuntze / Papilionaceae / V.S.No: 9440 &
  Muttalu gida &
  50 ml decoction orally given for reduce puerperal  &
  Flavonoids, glycoside, Butin, butrin, isobutrin, cereopsin.\\
15 &
  \textit{Caesalpinia bonduc} (L) Roxb /  Caesalpiniaceae / V.S.No:9357 &
  Kalachikai &
  20 g roasted seed powder orally given daily two times for diabetic  &
  Caesalpinine, ponducin, saponins.\\
16 &
  \textit{Cardiospermum halicacabum} L /  Sapindaceae / V.S.No:9255 &
  Mudakathan &
  Leaf smoke inhaled to reduce asthma pain  &
  \ensuremath{B }-sitosterol,D-glucoside, alkaloids, oxalic acids, saponins, quebrachitol.\\
17 &
  \textit{Cardiospermum canescens} Wa / Sapindaceae / V.S.No: 9169 &
  Kanakaia &
  50-100ml leaf extract  orally given for reduce rheumatic pain for 15 days &
  \\
18 &
  \textit{Cinnamomum wighti} Meissn /  Lauraceae / V.S.No:9314 &
  Dalchini &
  100 ml bark decoction  orally given for expectorant &
  Cinnamoldehyde, rolatile oil, linalool, cinnamoldehyde, \ensuremath{\beta }-pinene, limonene.\\
19 &
  \textit{Cissus quarterangularis} L / Vitaceae / V.S.No: 9429 &
  Perandai &
  Stem paste made into 5 g dried pills  and orally given daily after food for  irregular menstruation &
  Phytogenic sterol, ketosterol, sitosterol, \ensuremath{\alpha }-amyrine, \ensuremath{\alpha }-amyrone.\\
20 &
  \textit{Citrus limon} (L) Burm / Rutaceae / V.S.No: 9465 &
  Nimbe &
  50 ml fruit juice 5 ml honey orally given  with hot water in empty stomach to reduce obesity &
  Coumarins, psoralins, flavonoids, limonoids, limonene. \\
21 &
  \textit{Clitorea ternatea} L  /  Papilionaceae / V.S.No:9231 &
  Sankupuspam &
  Fruit made into paste and apply externally to insects and scorpion bite &
  Necleoprotein, cinnamic acid, flavonol glycoside, kaemferol.\\
22 &
  \textit{Coccinia grandis} (L) Voigt / Cucurbitaceae /   V.S.No: 9217 &
  Kovi &
  10 g root powder orally given with hot water to treat diabetic &
  \\
23 &
  \textit{Cuscuta refelexa} Roxb /  Cuacutaceae / V.S.No:9177 &
  Ottuchedi &
  Whole plant extract 100ml  orally given for liver diseases and hepatitis &
  Amarbelin, kaemferol, cuscutin, cuscutatin, \ensuremath{\beta }-sitosterol, luteotin.\\
24 &
  \textit{Ecliupta alba} L /  Asteraceae / V.S.No:9394 &
  Kadige &
  10-20 ml leaf extract orally given with cow milk for jaundice &
  Galactosamine, thiophene avetylens, \\
25 &
  \textit{Euphorbia hrita} L /  Euphorbiaceae / V.S.No:9387 &
  Ammanpacharisi &
  Whole plant powder made into cigarette for inhaled reduce asthma pain &
  Terpenes, anthocyanins, steroids, shikimic acids, choline, euphorbians.\\
26 &
  \textit{Ficus racemosa} L  / Moraceae / V.S.No: 9573 &
  Atthi &
  Fruit soaked in honey for 15 days then daily one fruit orally taken to improve semen coagulant &
  Gluacol, \ensuremath{\beta }-sitosterol, lupeol acetate, friedelin, phytosterol.\\
27 &
  \textit{Helicteres isora} L /  Sterculiaceae / V.S.No:9223 &
  Bhootakaralu &
  3 nos. seed soaked in 100ml coconut oil and apply on hair to reduce hair fall &
  Quinolone, alkaloids, malatyamine, diosgenin, cucurbitacin, sitosterol.\\
28 &
  \textit{Hygrophylla longifolia} Nees/  Acanthaceae /  V.S.No: 9220 &
  Kolavalike &
  10-15g seed powder orally given with cow milk to improve semen coagulant &
  Tenacious mucilage potassium salts, linolic acids. \\
29 &
  \textit{Jatropha curcus} L /  Euphorbiaceae / V.S.No:9179 &
  Kadaharalu &
  10g leaf powder and 5g pepper powder dissolved in 100ml boiled water then orally given daily  twice to cure leucorrhoea &
  Albumine curcin, curcosones, lathyrane diterpenes. \\
30 &
  \textit{Leucas linifolia} Spr /  Lamiaceae V.S.No:9293 &
  Thumbai &
  Leaves made into paste with turmeric to treat termatosis &
  Oleanolic acids, urosolic acids, \ensuremath{\beta }-sitosterol, triterpenoids, leucolactone.\\
31 &
  \textit{Limonia acidissima} L / Rutaceae V.S.No: 9222 &
  Belada &
  100 ml Fruit decoction orally given for breathing trouble &
  Geraniol, \ensuremath{\alpha } and \ensuremath{\beta }-pinene, elemol acetate, linool, camphor.\\
32 &
  \textit{Mirabilis jalapa} L / Nytaginaceae / V.S.No:9281 &
  Madhyanha mallige &
  Root made into paste with castor oil  then apply externally as spasmolytic &
  Triterpenes, \ensuremath{\alpha }-amyrines, mirabilis antiviral protein.\\
33 &
  \textit{Mucuna pruriens} Bak  / Papilionaceae /V.S.No: &
  Nassuganni &
  10 g seed powder  with cow milk orally given for cure impotence  &
  Mucunine, mucunadine, mucunadinine, prurreninine.\\
34 &
  \textit{Nelumbo nucifera} Gartner /  Nymphaceae V.S.No:9256 &
  Tavare &
  50 ml rhizome extract and 10 ml neem oil orally given to treat  bleeding piles  &
  Quercetain, luteolin, glycosides, glycosides, kaempferol, nuciferin.\\
35 &
  \textit{Nerium indicum} Mill /  Apocynaceae V.S.No:9405 &
  Kanagilu &
  Root paste with neem oil apply externally to treat leprosy &
  Glycoside, cardenolide glycosides, pergnanolone glycosides.\\
36 &
  \textit{Phyllanthus amaras} L /  Euphorbiaceae / V.S.No:9379 &
  Kirunelli &
  100 ml plant decoction orally given for jaundice &
  Lignans, phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, niranthin,  nirtetralin, phylletralin, \\
37 &
  \textit{Plantago ovata} Forsk /  Plantaginaceae / V.S.No:9202 &
  Isppuko &
  1. 60-80ml seed decoction orally given to women on morning to prevent abortion  \mbox{}\protect\newline 2. 200 ml fruit decoction and orally given daily twice for 15 days  to hepatitis &
  Amino acids, mucilage xylose, arabinose, galacturonic acids, acicubin fatty acids.\\
38 &
  \textit{Pongamia pinnata} L / Papilionaceae / V.S.No: 9119 &
  Honge-mara &
  Seed made into paste with turmeric powder and apply externally for scabies &
  Flavons, furanoflavanoids, chromenoflavones,chromenochalcones, coumarones, sterols, karanjin, pongamol, pongapin, kanjone.\\
39 &
  \textit{Pterocarpus marsupium} Roxb / Papilionaceae / V.S.No: 9129 &
  Hanemara &
  Bark paste used as tooth powder and massage on teeth to cure mouth ulcers &
  Isoflavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, stilbenes, pterostilbene, liguiritigens\\
40 &
  \textit{Randia dumetorum} (Retz) Poir / Rubiaceae / V.S.No: 9117 &
  Mangari kai &
  Fruit paste apply externally to cure leach bite and itching  &
  Saponin, randalic, randalic acids, oleanolic acid, sapogenin, urosapogenin.\\
41 &
  \textit{Rauvalfia tetraphylla} L  / Apocynaceae / V.S.No: 9535 &
  Sutranabi &
  Root decoction 100ml orally given to poisonous pits &
  Rauvolscine, ajmalicine, canescine, reserpine, yohimbine, raunescine.\\
42 &
  \textit{Ricinus communis} L / Euphorbiaceae / V.S.No: 9143 &
  Haralu /Audla &
  Seed oil 30-50ml orally given for constipation &
  Albumin, recin, ricinine, rianoleic acid, steric acid, oleic acid, linoleic acids, dihydroxy steric acids, ricinoleic acids. \\
43 &
  \textit{Rubia cordifolia}  / Rubiaceae / V.S.No: 9444 &
  Majeet &
    Equal part of root and fruit powder  orally given with hot water to cure epilepsy &
  Anthraquinones, glycosides, purpurin, munjistin, xanthopurpurin, glycosides, \\
44 &
  \textit{Ruta graveolens} L  / Rutaceae V.S.No: 9538 &
  Sudabugida &
  50 ml leaf extract boiled in 100 ml castor oil  to apply externally to reduce rheumatic pain &
  Psoralen, bergapten, xanthotoxin, rutin, quercetain, coumarins. \\
45 &
  \textit{Sapindus laurifolius} Vahl /  Sapindaceae / V.S.No:9221 &
  Aralakai &
  powder made into 2g pills with neem oil given orally to victim of rabies &
  Saponins, genins, sapindic acids, oleanolate.\\
46 &
  \textit{Semicarpus anacardium} L.f  / Anacardiaceae / V.S.No: 9559 &
  Geru Beeja &
  20 g fruit powder orally given with hot water for arthritis &
  Bioflavonoids, nallaflavone, anacardic acids, bhilawanol, phenolic compounds.\\
47 &
  \textit{Solanum nigrum} L /  Solanaceae / V.S.No:9228 &
  Kakmunchi &
  50-80ml leaf extract orally given for reduce intestinal ulcers &
  Steroidal alkaloids, glycosides, solasonine, \ensuremath{\alpha } and \ensuremath{\beta }-solanigrine. \ensuremath{\alpha } and \ensuremath{\beta }-solamargine, sapogenin, diosgenin.\\
48 &
  \textit{Solanum surattense} Burm. f / Solanaceae / V.S.No: 9173 &
  Kandakathri &
  Fruit powder used as tooth powder for reduce tooth ache and swelling &
  Solanin, glycoalkaloids, tigogenin, diosgenin, quercetin, \\
49 &
  \textit{Spharanthus indicus} L  / Asteraceae / V.S.No: 9491 &
  Karandagida &
  Plant smoke inhaled as cigarette to reduce painful asthma &
  Essential oils, methyl chavicol, \ensuremath{\alpha }-ionone, d-cadinene.\\
50 &
  \textit{Strychnos nux-vomica} L /  Loganiaceae / V.S.No:9399 &
  Kajira &
  Seed paste apply externally for treat facial paralysis &
  Indole alkaloids, strychnine, burcin, \ensuremath{\alpha } and \ensuremath{\beta }-colubrine.\\
51 &
  \textit{Syzygium cumini} (L) Skeels / Myrtaceae / V.S.No: 9148 &
  Nerulumara &
  1. Fruit juice 100-150ml orally given for liver diseases \mbox{}\protect\newline 2. 10 g seed powder with 10 g seed powder of bitter guard orally given with hot water to reduce blood sugar &
  Anthocyanins, Citric acids malic acids, gallic acids, tannins, oxalic acids. glucose, ellagic acids.\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
52 &
  \textit{Tamarindus indica} L/ Papilionaceae / V.S.No: 9423 &
  Hunase &
    Leaf juice orally given for bleeding piles \mbox{}\protect\newline  &
  Polysaccharides, flavones, vitexin, tartaric acids, malic acids, amino acids, tamarindienal, \\
 &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
53 &
  \textit{Tephrosea purpurea} Pers./  Papilionaceae / V.S.No:9368 &
  Kaggi &
  Leaves smoke inhaled as cigarette to reduce asthma pain  &
  Rutin, rotenoids, triterpenoids,  lupeol, \ensuremath{\beta }-sitosterol, diketone pongamale, flavones.\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
54 &
  \textit{Terminalia arjuna} (DC)W\&A /  Combretaceae  V.S.No: &
  Holematti &
  100 ml bark decoction orally given for reduce heart pain, 10 g powder is mixed with honey orally given to treat heart pain &
  Arjunalic acid, terminic acid, glycosides, flavones, tannins,oasuarinin, hydrolysable tannin.\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
55 &
  \textit{Terminalia bellerica} (Gaert)   Roxb / Combretaceae / V.S.No: 9498 &
  Thanri &
  10 g powder dissolved in 200ml hot water then 100 ml decoction orally given for astrigent &
  \ensuremath{\beta }-sitosterol, gallic acids, ellagic acids, ethyl galloyl glucose, chebulic acids, cardio glycoside, bellaricanin.\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
56 &
  \textit{Terminalia chebula} Retz /  Combretaceae /V.S.No:9351 &
  Alale/Aralaikai &
  100 ml decoction of fruit orally given to treat asthma &
  Sikimic acids, gallic acids, triacontanoic acids, palmatic acids, \ensuremath{\beta }-sitosterol, daucosterol, chebulic acids. \\
 &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
 &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
57 &
  \textit{Termenalia crenulata} Roth / Combretaceae / V.S.No: 9135 &
  Karimatti &
  Seed oil externally apply to cure rheumatic pain and oil has been used against dandruff &
  Gallic acids, ellagitannin, terhebulin, punicalagin, \\
 &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
58 &
  \textit{Tinospora cordifolia} (Willd)  Hook.f.\& Thomson / Menispermaceae / V.S.No: 9426 &
  Manjatti &
  Stem extract used massage to reduce joint pain  &
  Berberine, columbin, chasmanthin, palmarin, tinosporol.\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
59 &
  \textit{Tribulus terrestris} L /  Zygophyllaceae / V.S.No:9410 &
  Negil-mullu &
  100 ml decoction orally given for urinary infection and irritation &
  Saponins, sapogenin, chlorogenic, ruscogenin, flavonoids, rutain, quercetin, kaempferol, tribuloside.\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
60 &
  \textit{Withania somnifera} Dunal / Solanaceae / V.S.No: 9540 &
  Sogade-beru &
  20g root powder orally given with hot water to improve sexual vigorous &
  Withanin, somnine, sominiferien, Steroidal lactones, and free amino acids. \\
 &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
61 &
  \textit{Wrightia arborea} (Dennst.) mabb / Apocynaceae / V.S.No: 9529 &
  Bilikudegida &
  50 ml leaf extract boiled in 100ml coconut and apply externally to cure psoria \mbox{}\protect\newline sis &
  Conessine, conessine dehydrate, hollarrhins, kurchicine, sitosterol, lupeol,  \ensuremath{\alpha }-amyrin.\\
 &
   &
   &
   &
  \\
\tblbottomrule 
\end{longtable}
\endgroup
\end{ThreePartTable}

\makeatletter\@ifundefined{TwoColDocument}{}{\twocolumn}\makeatother 
the plant used, medical uses, detailed information about mode of preparation (i.e., decoction, paste, pills, powder and juice); from the usage either fresh or dried and mixtures of other plants used as ingredients were also collected. The claims were compared with available important works on Indian ethnobotany and medicinal plants such as \unskip~\cite{1807509:27557402}. The medicinal plants were identified (local names), photographed and sample specimens were collected for the preparation of herbarium documentation.

The collected plant species were identified taxonomically using the Flora of Presidency of Madras \unskip~\cite{1807509:27557388}  and the Flora of Tamil Nadu Carnatic \unskip~\cite{1807509:27557401}. The identified plant specimens were then confirmed through a referral tour programme with herbaria of Botanical survey of India.  The specimens were deposited in the herbarium of survey of medicinal plant unit, Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai. The tribal information is also kept in the same institute, voucher specimens along with other details are given in Table~\ref{tw-26a6b93ee287}.
    
\section{Result}
Chamarajanagar district Wildlife forest has a variety of medicinal plants which are used by soligas for their primary health care. The present study identified tribal healers using 61 species of ethnomedicinal plants distributed in 55 genera belonging to 33 families to treat various diseases. The result of the survey presented in Table~\ref{tw-26a6b93ee287}, in which the plants are arranged alphabetically by botanical names for each species. The following ethnobotanical information were provided; Botanical names, Family name, Voucher specimen numbers, Local names, Part used, mode of preparation, route of administration, ethnomedicinal uses and major chemical constituents according to the informations collected. They mostly used plant parts among the tribals are fruit and leaves followed by seeds, root, bark, whole plant, flowers, stem, rhizome, bulb and gum. These are commonly occurring and medicinally important plants used to treat various diseases like asthma, skin diseases, sex-related problems, rheumatism, hepatitis, diabetic, piles, ulcers, poisonous bites and wound healing etc. This is consistent with other general observations which have been reported earlier in relation to medicinal plants studies by the Indian system of medicines like Siddha, Ayurveda and Unani \unskip~\cite{1807509:27557387,1807509:27557395}. Different types of preparation made from medicinally important plants include decoction, juice, powder, paste, oil and plant extract. Drugs are prescribed either single or in a combination of more than one plant/parts of same or different plants to the people suffering from various diseases. In Chamarajanagar district, the local herbal healers and elder people rich in traditional knowledge depend on the natural resources of the area. Most of them still consider traditional herbal knowledge as knowing traditional secrets. But, through repeated contacts, and discussions, they shared their traditional herbal knowledge. Medicinal plants play an important role in providing knowledge to researchers in the field of ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology. The observation of present study shows that traditional medicine plays a significant role in the life of tribal people.
    
\section{Discussion}
Naturopathic treatment modalities include Ethnomedicines, Traditional medicinal treatment is one of the Naturopathic treatments. It has turned out to be a very important and beneficial remedy for our physical as well as mental health elevation. Traditional medicinal plants are an important element of indigenous medical system in India and also rest of the world. 

The study of ethnomedicinal system and herbal medicinal as therapeutic agent is a paramount importance in addressing health problems of traditional communities and third world countries as well as industrialized societies. Previous reports on the ethnobotany of different districts in Karnataka \unskip~\cite{1807509:27557398,1807509:27557403}, and adjoining areas provide evidence for the presence of numerous ethno medicinal plants used by various tribal communities\unskip~\cite{1807509:27557391,1807509:27557379} . But, so far no systematic ethnobotanical survey has been made in this area, except the documentation of medicinal plants used by the tribes like Siddis and Gowlis. The therapeutic uses of herbal drugs and drug preparations differ from one region to the other. For example, people in different villages in India, exclusively used Andrographis paniculata Wall ex Ness for curing malarial fever and snakebite, headache, dysentery, diarrhea, ulcers and fever \unskip~\cite{1807509:27557397,1807509:27557390,1807509:27557399}. However, tribals of Chamarajanagar used Andrographis paniculata Wall ex Ness to treat skin allergies. The traditional knowledge about utilization of local plant species is vital in alternate health care system as well as for the self sustenance of local population. High costs coupled with numerous side effects of synthetic drugs are forcing people to depend on the locally available herbal medicine for their health care needs.
    
\section{Conclusion}
India has a long history and strong base for ethnomedicine, which is the traditional herbal medical system. Herbal plants play an important role in preventing and treating of human diseases. People have been using plants as a traditional medicine for thousand years ago. Plants have been associated with of human civilization around the whole world. The present study revealed that traditional development medicines are still in common use by the Soligas tribal communities. Thus study ascertains the value of a great number of plants used in tribal medicine for various diseases which could be of considerable interest in the development of new drugs. The collected data show that majority of the medicines are taken orally and most of the reported preparations are obtained from a single plant; Mixtures are used rarely in other parts of the country and the use of mixtures of the plant species in treating particular ailments is fairly common in this area. Generally, the people of the study area still have strong belief in the efficacy and success of herbal medicine. The results of the present study provide evidence that medicinal plants continue to play an important role in the health care system of Soligas community. Finally to conclude, this research article will attract the attention of ethnobotanist, phytochemist and pharmacologist for their critical investigation of medicinal plants present in the region of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka, India. Moreover the ethnomedicinal studies are important for naturopathic treatment so the medicinal plants play an important role to cure diseases through naturopathy.
    
\section{Acknowledgement}
The authors are grateful to The Director General, Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM), New Delhi and Deputy Director, Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai, for providing fund and other facilities and also thank the Principal Chief Conservator of forest, Bangalore, District Conservator of forest, Chamarajanagar, for permitting us to conduct this survey. The authors express sincere thanks to Soligas tribals in the study area for revealing their ethnomedicinal-knowledge.

\textbf{Ethics Statement}

The study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Code of Ethics of the International Society of Ethnobiology. Ethics approval was not required by the Institutional Ethical Committee. Verbal informed consent was obtained from each informant prior to all interviews. During this discussion, the research objectives and interview procedure were explained to each informant and confidentiality was assured. Consent for photos was also taken and kept in the Herbarium of Survey of Medicinal Plants Unit, Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, No. 1, West Madha Church Road, Royapuram Chennai-13.

\textbf{Funding Support}

The authors declare that they have no funding support for this study.

\textbf{Conflict of Interest}

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
    

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\bioItem[images/8632fb6c-7dd1-4405-943c-8711fac88d77-upicture1]{Venkatesan~K }{ Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, No. 1, West Madha Church Road, Royapuram, Chennai-13, Tamil Nadu, India}
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